Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 4 notes is one of the most important topics in chemistry that includes the concept of carbon and its large number of compounds as well as its uses in our daily life. This blog article is an essential resource for quick revision of the chapter involving a topic-wise explanation. You can prepare the entire chapter by taking a glimpse of the notes before your school exam or the 10th-class board exam.
Carbon compound
Carbon is present in a large amount in nature as well as in living organisms. All the organic compounds consist of carbon.
Property of Carbon
The key properties of carbon are as follows:
- Tetravalency
Carbon can form a complex structure through set-up covalent bonds with other atoms due to its four valence electrons.
- Bonding capacity
Carbon can be combined with other atoms by forming single, double and triple bonds.
- Catenation
The atoms of carbon can form rings, long chains with other elements.
Covalent Bond
When two atoms share a pair of electrons between them to form a bond is called a Covalent Bond. In nature, carbon can be found in two forms: one is free form, and the other is combined form.
Allotropes of Carbon
An element exists in nature in various forms, having similar chemical properties but different physical properties are called Allotropes. Diamond, Graphite, and fullerene are the allotropes of carbon.
- Diamond
In this form of carbon, a transparent and three-dimensional structure is formed through a single covalent bond among four carbon atoms. Diamond is the hardest element and an insulator. It is used in making jewellery.
- Graphite
A hexagonal ring is formed by combining an atom with three other atoms. Graphite is used as a lubricant.
- Fullerense
An allotrope forms a spherical structure that consists of 60 atoms of carbon.
Hydrocarbons
The compound formed by carbon and hydrogen.
- Saturated Hydrocarbon(Alkanes)
Carbon atoms that are formed by a single bond are known as Saturated carbon.
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons are formed through double or triple bonds.
a) Alkenes
Two atoms of carbon are connected with a double bond.
b) Alkynes
Carbon atoms contain triple bonds.
Isomerism
The phenomenon of having different structures but similar molecular formulas is called Isomerism.
Homologous Series
It is a series of different compounds in the same functional group. The changes in the physical properties and the pattern of chemical reactivity is illustrated through it.
The different compounds of carbon have been presented here:
| Name of compound | Structure | Common name | IUPAC name |
| Alkane | C4H10 | Butane | Butane |
| Alkene | CH₂=CH-CH₃ | Propylene | Propene |
| Alcohol | CH₃CH₂OH | Ethyl Alcohol | Ethanol |
| Carboxylic Acid | CH₃COOH | Acetic Acid | Ethanoic Acid |
| Alkyne | CH≡CH | Acetylene | Ethyne |
| Amine | CH₃NH₂ | Methylamine | Methanamine |
| Ketone | CH₃COCH₃ | Acetone | Propanone |
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
- Combustion
Various compounds of carbon can be easily burnt; after burning it emits light, energy, and carbon dioxide.
CH4 +2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + light+heat
- Oxidation
Alcohol can be converted to aldehydes and then to carboxyl through oxidation. CH3CH2OH [O] → CH3COOH
- Addition Reaction
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are added with dihydrogen in the presence of a catalyst called Addition reaction or Hydrogenation.
C2H4+ H2 → C2H6
- Substitution Reaction
One or more atoms of hydrogen is replaced by the molecules of an organic substance known as Substitution Reaction.
CH4+ Cl2 → CH3Cl+HCl
Important Carbon Compounds
Ethanol
Ethanol (C2H5OH) is also popular as Ethyl Alcohol.
- It is inflammable
- It can be diluted in water in any proportion.
- It has no specific colour
- On litmus paper it left no effect.
Ethanoic Acid
It is commonly known as Acetic acid. The carboxylic acid (COOH) is included in it.
- It is usually used for preserving food
- Blue litmus turns red by its effect.
- It is sour
- It melts at 290K and boils at 391 K.
Soap and Detergent
- The sodium or Potassium salt of fatty acid is called soap.
- Detergent is an Ammonium or a Sulphonate salt of carboxyl acid.
Soap, as well as detergent, is used as a cleaning agent as it possesses the capacity to emulsify grease and oil and to capture them in a water suspension.
Formation of Micelle
A cluster is formed by soap molecules when soap water is mixed with dirt and oil, it is known as a Micelle.
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Conclusion
Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 4 notes can be the best companion to strengthen your grip in Chemistry in the Class 10 Science exam. These well-arranged as well as explained notes facilitate you to cover the whole chapter and important topics without wasting more time, and you don’t need to make your own notes from the textbooks. It is effective for quick revision and long-term retention. Combustion and Oxidation are the properties of Carbon Compounds. Allotropes such as Diamond, Graphite and Fullerene have the same chemical structure. Important Carbon Compounds such as Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid are essential substances in daily life. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are formed through single and double, or triple covalent bonds of carbon.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are allotropes?
A: An element can exist in nature in various structural forms, and they are different in chemical as well as physical properties. They can stay in a similar physical state. The different forms are the allotropes of the element.
What are the types of covalent bonds?
A: There are three types of Covalent bonds:
- Single bond
- Double bond
- Triple bond
What is Micelle?
A: Molecules of surfactant that form a sphere come into contact with water when the hydrophilic part comes out towards water. It is effective in removing oil and dirt.
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